Bilingual Sage Wisdom 圣贤智慧|孙子兵法之①：计篇 Laying Plans

计篇 Laying Plans

孙子曰：兵者，国之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也。

故经之以五事，校之以计而索其情：一曰道，二曰天，三曰地，四曰将，五曰法。道者，令民与上同意也，故可以与之死，可以与之生，而不畏危。天者，阴阳、寒暑、时制也。地者，远近、险易、广狭、死生也。将者，智、信、仁、勇、严也。法者，曲制、官道、主用也。

凡此五者，将莫不闻，知之者胜，不知者不胜。故校之以计而索其情，曰：主孰有道？将孰有能？天地孰得？法令孰行？兵众孰强？士卒孰练？赏罚孰明？吾以此知胜负矣。

将听吾计，用之必胜，留之；将不听吾计，用之必败，去之。

计利以听，乃为之势，以佐其外。势者，因利而制权也。

兵者，诡道也。故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，近而示之远，远而示之近；利而诱之，乱而取之，实而备之，强而避之，怒而挠之，卑而骄之，佚而劳之，亲而离之。攻其无备，出其不意。此兵家之胜，不可先传也。

夫未战而庙算胜者，得算多也；未战而庙算不胜者，得算少也。多算胜，少算不胜，而况于无算乎！吾以此观之，胜负见矣。

【译文】

孙子说：战争是国家的大事，它关系到军民的生死，国家的存亡，是不可不慎重分析研究的。

因此，要从以下五个方面分析研究，通过对双方七种情况的比较，以探求战争胜负的情势:一是道义，二是天时，三是地理，四是将帅，五是法规。所谓“道义”，是使民众与国君的意愿相一致，这样，民众在战争中就可为国君出生入死而不怕危险。所谓“天时”，是指昼夜、晴雨、寒冷、炎热、四季更替。所谓“地理”，是指路程的远近、地势的险要平坦、作战地域的广阔狭窄、地形是否利于攻守进退。所谓“将帅”，是指将帅的智谋才能、赏罚有信、爱抚士卒、勇敢果断、军纪严明。所谓“法规”，是指军队组织编制、将吏的统辖管理和职责区分、军需物资的供应和掌管等制度规定。

以上五个方面的情况，将帅们没有不知道的；只有深刻了解、确实掌握的才能打胜仗，否则就不能取胜。因此要通过双方七个方面来分析比较以探求战争胜负的情形，就是说：哪一方的国君比较贤明？哪一方的将帅比较有才能？哪一方占据比较有利的天时地利条件？哪一方的法令更能切实贯彻执行？哪一方的兵力更强大？哪一方的士卒训练有素？哪一方赏罚更公正严明？我根据以上分析对比，就可以判明谁胜谁负了。

如果将帅能够听从我的计谋，用兵作战一定胜利，就留下他；如果不能听从我的计谋，用兵作战一定失败，就让其离去。

有利的作战计谋已被采纳，还要设法造“势”以辅助作战的进行。所谓“势”，就是凭借有利于已的条件灵活应变，而采取相应的行动。

用兵打仗是一种诡诈的行为。因此要做到：能攻而装作不能攻，要打而装作不要打，要在近处行动而装作要在远处行动，要在远处行动而装作要在近处行动；敌人贪利，就用小利引诱他；敌人混乱，要乘机攻取他；敌人力量充实，要加倍防备他；敌人兵强卒锐，要暂时避开他。对于易怒的敌人，要用挑逗的办法去激怒他；对于小视我方的敌人，要使其更加骄傲；对于休整得充分的敌人，要设法使他疲劳；对于内部和睦的敌人，要设法离间他。要在敌人无准备的状态下实施攻击，要在敌人意料不到时采取行动。这些都是军事家克敌制胜的诀窍，是不可事先加以具体规定的。

在开战之前，“庙算”能够胜过敌人的，是因为筹划周密，胜利条件充分；开战之前，“庙算”不能胜过敌人的，是因为筹划不周，胜利条件不足。计算周密，胜利条件多，可能胜敌；筹划疏漏，胜利条件不足就会失败，更何况根本不计算、没有胜利条件呢！我根据这些方面来观察，谁胜谁负就可看出来了。

【英文】

Sun Tzu said: The art of war is of vital importance to the State. It is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or to ruin. Hence it is a subject of inquiry which can on no account be neglected.

The art of war, then, is governed by five constant factors, to be taken into account in one's deliberations, when seeking to determine the conditions obtaining in the field. These are: ① the Moral Law; ② Heaven; ③ Earth; ④ the Commander; ⑤ Method and Discipline. The Moral Law causes the people to be in complete accord with their ruler, so that they will follow him regardless of their lives, undismayed by any danger. Heaven signifies night and day, cold and heat, times and seasons. Earth comprises distances, great and small; danger and security; open ground and narrow passes; the chances of life and death. The Commander stands for the virtues of wisdom, sincerely, benevolence, courage and strictness. By Method and Discipline are to be understood the marshaling of the army in its proper subdivisions, the graduations of rank among the officers, the maintenance of roads by which supplies may reach the army, and the control of military expenditure.

These five heads should be familiar to every general: he who knows them will be victorious; he who knows them not will fail. Therefore, in your deliberations, when seeking to determine the military conditions, let them be made the basis of a comparison, in this wise: - ① Which of the two sovereigns is imbued with the Moral Law? ② Which of the two generals has most ability? ③ With whom lie the advantages derived from Heaven and Earth? ④ On which side is discipline most rigorously enforced? ⑤ Which army is stronger? ⑥ On which side are officers and men more highly trained?⑦ In which army is there the greater constancy both in reward and punishment? By means of these seven considerations I can forecast victory or defeat.

The general that hearkens to my counsel and acts upon it, will conquer: let such a one be retained in command! The general that hearkens not to my counsel nor acts upon it, will suffer defeat: -let such a one be dismissed!

While heading the profit of my counsel, avail yourself also of any helpful circumstances over and beyond the ordinary rules. According as circumstances are favorable, one should modify one's plans.

All warfare is based on deception. Hence, when able to attack, we must seem unable; when using our forces, we must seem inactive; when we are near, we must make the enemy believe we are far away; when far away, we must make him believe we are near. Hold out baits to entice the enemy. Feign disorder, and crush him. If he is secure at all points, be prepared for him. If he is in superior strength, evade him. If your opponent is of choleric temper, seek to irritate him. Pretend to be weak, that he may grow arrogant. If he is taking his ease, give him no rest. If his forces are united, separate them. Attack him where he is unprepared, appear where you are not expected. These military devices, leading to victory, must not be divulged beforehand.

Now the general who wins a battle makes many calculations in his temple ere the battle is fought. The general who loses a battle makes but few calculations beforehand. Thus do many calculations lead to victory, and few calculations to defeat: how much more no calculation at all! It is by attention to this point that I can foresee who is likely to win or lose.

（齐鲁晚报·齐鲁壹点记者 王娟 王晓莹 实习生 徐玉婷 张雅瑄 绘画 徐进）